Introduction
1) Basic Problems with the doctrine of the Trinity
2) There is no Trinity in the Old Testament
3) The Old Testament foretold that Jesus would be a human being.
4) The New Testament teaches that Jesus was a man
5) Jesus was like Adam
6) Jesus has a God
7) Jesus called God âthe only true God.â
8) Jesus was part of Godâs creation
9) God is eternal, but Jesus had a beginning
10) The Bible teaches that Jesus and God are two distinct beings.
11) The Bible teaches that the Father is God
12) God is greater than Christ
13) Jesus died, but God is immortal
14) Major differences between Jesus and God
15) God is spirit, but Jesus is flesh and bone
16) Jesus never taught the Trinity
17) Many people are saved in the Bible without believing in the Trinity or that Jesus is God
18) When the Jews thought Jesus was claiming to be God, he denied it
19) Jesusâ miracles do not prove he was God
20) The dual nature of Jesus is never called a âmysteryâ
Conclusion
Helpful Books
Introduction
The Bible teaches that there is one God, the Father, and one Messiah and Lord, Jesus Christ, who is the divinely conceived Son of God. Those are very important truths, and this appendix will give evidence that supports them. In doing so, this appendix will also show that Jesus Christ is the fully human âSon of God,â and not âGod the Son,â and thus it will also give evidence that shows that the Bible does not teach the doctrine of the Trinity.
For clarityâs sake, it is helpful to understand what the Trinity is. The orthodox doctrine of the Trinity is that the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and the three of them are co-equal, co-eternal, and share the same essence, and together those three individual âPersonsâ are one triune God; also, Jesus is both 100% God and 100% man, and both Jesusâ divine nature and his human nature live together in his flesh body. The doctrine of the Trinity, though widely believed, is never stated in the Bible.
We do not present this appendix to antagonize or attack anyone, but rather because we believe an honest and rigorous examination of the biblical evidence will support that the Father alone is God and Jesus is His created Son. Furthermore, we think it is important for Christians to know the truth about God, Jesus, and the holy spirit.
There is value in truth, and God and Jesus deserve to be known for who they really are. Knowing that there is only one God, and that He is not triune and thus sharing His identity with two others, elevates Him to His rightful position as the one God of the Bible, the Creator of the universe, and the One who we love with all our heart, soul, mind, and strength. Similarly, knowing that the Lord Jesus is who Peter said he was, âa man approved of Godâ (Acts 2:22 KJV), elevates him to his rightful position. He is the only begotten Son of God, who loved so much that he lived a sinless, obedient life and died on the cross for us, whom God raised from the dead and who now stands at Godâs right hand as Godâs second in command, administering the things of God.
Something that is openly admitted by theologians but not known by many Christians is that the doctrine of the Trinity is not stated in the Bible but is actually âbuiltâ by piecing together statements that are said to support it. But since most Christians believe that the Trinity is a mystery and no one can understand it, doctrinal discussions about it are often avoided or brushed aside and ignored. Worse, the teaching that the Trinity is a âmysteryâ has been used as a club to beat down doubters and dissenters, and those people are often branded as âhereticsâ and their role in Christianity minimized (the idea the Trinity is a mystery is covered in section 17 below).
Thus, the Trinity stands as an unchallengeable but never-understood fortress in the center of Christianity. But Christians should get their doctrine from the Bible. What if a careful examination of the Bible showed that there was no Trinity? What if careful study showed that Yahweh was the one God of the Bible, and Jesus was who Peter said he was, âa man approved of Godâ and not a âGod-manâ? What if the âmysteryâ of the Trinity was not a mystery at all, but an erroneous doctrine that was formulated over time? This study will show that Jesus was indeed a fully human man approved by God.
This short appendix can only summarize some of the major points about who God and Jesus Christ really are. For further study, a bibliography of some of the books on the subject is included at the end of this appendix. Also, it is not the intention of this appendix to explain the verses that are traditionally used to support the doctrine of the Trinity, such as John 10:30 or John 8:58. Each of those verses can be understood in a way that supports the Biblical Unitarian position, and they are covered in the “Verses” section of this website.
1) Basic Problems with the doctrine of the Trinity
The word âTrinityâ is not in the Bible. Although that does not rule out the possible existence of the Trinity, it is supporting evidence that the doctrine is unbiblical.
Trinitarians differ, sometimes greatly, in their definitions of the Trinity. The Eastern Orthodox Church differs from the Western Church on the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Father and the Son. Also, Trinitarians who hold to the âclassicâ definition of the Trinity, that Jesus was 100% God and 100% man while on earth, believe differently from Kenotic Trinitarians, who believe that Jesus set aside his godhood while he was a man on earth. Oneness Pentecostals say the classic formula of the Trinity is completely wrong. Yet all these claim that Christ is God and that the Bible supports their position.
A study of the history of the Christian Church shows a definite development in the doctrine of the Trinity over the centuries. For example, the early form of the Apostlesâ Creed, believed to date back to shortly after the time of the apostles themselves, does not mention the Trinity or the dual nature of Christ. Furthermore, it only states, âI believe in âthe holy spirit,ââ which could just as easily refer to the gift of holy spirit as it could to a third âPersonâ in the Trinity. The Nicene Creed, written in 325 AD and modified later, added the material about Jesus Christ being âeternally begottenâ and âtrue God,â and about the Holy Spirit being âLord.â But it was the Athanasian Creed, most likely composed in the late 400s or early 500s AD, that was the first creed to explicitly state the doctrine of the Trinity, and it includes that if a person does not believe it, he is not saved but will perish everlastingly. Yet saying that a person who does not believe in the Trinity is not saved contradicts the Bible. For example, when Peter addressed the Jews on the Day of Pentecost he did not mention the Trinity or that Jesus was God in the flesh, yet about 3,000 people in the audience were saved (Acts 2:41).
One of the most convincing arguments for Biblical Unitarianism is that God is never described as being composed of âthree.â Not âthree,â âthree-in-one,â âFather, Son and Holy Spirit,â or three Persons making up one God. Many Trinitarians point to Matthew 28:19 which lists the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, but it does not call the three of them âGod.â Matthew 28:19 is not defining God, it is stating the authority by which disciples will baptize: by the authority of God, of Christ, and by the power of the holy spirit. Simply mentioning three things together does not make them âGod.â For example, if Matthew 28:19 read, âBaptize them in the ânameâ (i.e., authority) of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,â that would not make those three people âone Person.â
Also, the two natures of Jesus (him being fully God and fully man) are completely, absent from the scriptures. Jesus is never said to have two natures, two personalities, two minds, two spirits within him. He is always viewed as one person with one mind.
Trinitarians say the âThreenessâ of the Trinity is just as vital as his Oneness, but never once does the Bible mention Godâs âThreeness,â whereas it mentions His Oneness many times (e.g., Deut. 4:35; 6:4; Isa. 44:6, 8; John 5:44; 17:3; 1 Cor. 8:6).
- There are no verses that define God as being Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
- There are no verses that define God as three, three in one, or a multiple.
- There are no verses that say that Jesus has two natures or two minds.
- There are no verses that say Jesus is a God-man, or that he is fully God and fully man.
- There are no verses that call Jesus âeternally begotten,â the bible says he was begotten or âbornâ by Mary
It seems that if the doctrine of the Trinity was genuine and central to Christian belief as almost all Trinitarians claim, and especially if belief in it was necessary for salvation as many Trinitarians teach, it would have been clearly stated in the Bible and in the earliest Christian creeds. The Trinity is not âhidden,â and it is not a âmystery,â it simply isnât there.
2) There is no Trinity in the Old Testament
God gave the Scriptures to the Jewish people, and the Jewish religion and worship that comes from that revelation do not contain any reference to, or teachings about, a triune God. Since God gave the Old Testament to the Jews, surely they were qualified to read and understand it, but they never saw the doctrine of the Trinity in it; in fact, quite the opposite. Throughout their history, the Jews fiercely defended the fact that there was only one God.
Jesus himself tied the greatest commandment in the Law together with there being only one God. An expert in Old Testament law asked Jesus which of the commandments was the most important one. Jesus said to him, âThe first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy GodâŚ.â (Mark 12:29-30 KJV). The Jewish scholar, in accordance with the teachings of the Rabbis and the revelation and practices given to the Jews, would have believed that Yahweh was the only true God. But Jesus never corrected him or tried to modify his beliefs, he simply reinforced what this man already believedâthat only Yahweh was God.
Furthermore, the pronouns in the Bible that refer to âGodâ are singular, and there are lots of them. âThe Hebrew Bible and the New Testament contain well over twenty thousand pronouns and verbs describing the One Godâ (Anthony Buzzard and Charles Hunting, The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianityâs Self-inflicted Wound, International Scholars Publications, New York, 1998, p. 17). Singular pronouns include âI,â âmy,â and âhe.â
We would expect that the pronouns that refer to the âFather,â to Jesus, and to âthe Holy Spiritâ would be singular if there were a Trinity, but since the Trinity teaches that âGodâ is triune and consists of three âPersons,â that the pronouns associated with âGodâ would be plural. This is especially the case because according to Trinitarian doctrine, each âPersonâ in the triune God is individually omnipresent, individually all-knowing; individually all-powerful, and each individually has his own will, his own mind (which is why Jesus could say to the Father, ânot my will but yours be doneâ). John 3:16 (REV) reads, âFor God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, so that whoever believes in him will not perish, but have life in the age to come.â But if âGodâ were composed of three co-equal beings who each had their own mind and together agreed to send Christ, we would expect it to say, âFor God so loved the world that they gave the Fatherâs only begotten SonâŚ.â The fact that the pronouns in the Bible refer to âGodâ as a singular being is evidence that there is no Trinity.
3) The Old Testament foretold that Jesus would be a human being.
The Old Testament prophecies about the coming Messiah foretold that he would be a human being. If we understand and believe that, it clears up a lot of misconceptions about Jesus. For example, if he was fully human and not part human and part God, then he had a beginning, which was the time when he was conceived (see Matt. 1:20 and section #9 below). Furthermore, he could not have existed before he was conceived; human beings do not exist before they are conceived, and this means that Jesus did not exist in the Old Testament except in the mind of God and in the expectation of people. According to the Old Testament prophecies, the Messiah would be the offspring of Eve (Gen. 3:15); a descendant of Abraham (Gen. 12:3; 18:18; 22:18), a descendant of Judah (Gen. 49:10); a prophet like Moses (Deut. 18:15); a son of David (2 Sam. 7:12-13; Isa. 11:1); a king ruling under Yahweh (Ps. 110:1); and a ruler from among the people of Israel (Jer. 30:21). That explains why the people were all expecting a human Messiah.
Even Mary, the mother of Jesus, was expecting a human Messiah and did not know how she could give birth to the Messiah without having sex with a man (Luke 1:34-35). Although some Trinitarians claim that there are a few Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 9:6 and Micah 5:2 that show that Jesus is God, itâs important to note that the ancient Jews, to whom those prophecies were given, never understood them to mean that their Messiah would be both God and human. Those few prophecies can be translated and understood in a Biblical Unitarian way.
Psalm 110:1 merits special attention because it is especially clear but has been misunderstood and misrepresented. Most English versions read like the ESV: âThe LORD says to my LordâŚ.â The word âLORDâ is Yahweh, but then many Trinitarian commentators argue that âmy Lordâ in this verse is the Hebrew word adonai, another name for God, and is therefore, proof of the divinity of the Messiah. But the Hebrew text does not use adonai, it uses adoni (pronounced a-do-‘nee), which is always used in Scripture to describe human masters and lords, but never God.
The Hebrew words adoni and adonai have the same root, adon, and that is the word listed in the concordances and most lexicons, which is one reason that we must use the actual Hebrew text to see what Psalm 110:1 is saying. The difference between adon (the ârootâ word), adoni (âlord,â always used of men or angels) and adonai (which is used of God and sometimes written adonay) is critical to the understanding of Psalm 110:1. The fact that the Hebrew text uses the word adoni of the Messiah in Psalm 110 is good supporting evidence that the Messiah is not God, and is one reason the Jews were expecting the Messiah to be a human ruler like the other kings who ruled under Yahweh.
The Old Testament also refers to the Messiah as âone like a son of man.â The phrase âson of manâ was a Semitic idiom for a human being and it is used that way throughout the Old Testament. But when Daniel referred to the Messiah as a âone like a son of manâ (Dan. 7:13), the phrase âson of manâ also became a title of the Messiah. That explains why Jesus called himself âthe son of manâ many times (cp. Matt. 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 40; 13:41; 16:13, etc.). The use of âson of manâ in reference to the Messiah is one more piece of evidence that Jesus was fully human and one more reason that people were expecting the Messiah to be human.
4) The New Testament teaches that Jesus was a man
The New Testament teaches that Jesus was a man. For one thing, Jesus himself said so. For example, in John 8:40, Jesus said he was âa man who has told you the truthâ [emphasis ours]. Jesus was not being disingenuous and hiding his âdivine nature.â He was making a factual statement that reinforced what the Jews were expecting of the Messiahâthat he would be a fully human man.
The apostles also taught that Jesus was a man. For example, in his sermon to the crowds gathered on the Day of Pentecost, the Apostle Peter made a very clear declaration that Jesus was a man approved of God: âYe men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst of youâŚâ (Acts 2:22 KJV). Here Peter clearly taught that Jesus was a man, and that God did miracles âby him.â
It seems if the Trinity did exist, that when Peter had thousands of devout Jews gathered together on the Day of Pentecost would have been a good time to introduce it to them. But instead, Peter told the Jews that Jesus was the Messiah they had been expecting: a man approved of God.
Like Peter, Paul also taught that Jesus was a man. For example, when he was in Athens, Paul taught a crowd of unsaved Gentiles about Jesus Christ and said that God would judge the world âby the man whom He has appointedâ (Acts 17:31). Paul never said or implied that Jesus was anything but a âman.â But especially since Paulâs Greek audience was polytheistic, it seems that if there was a Trinity that Paul would have taught it to the crowd. Whereas the Jews would have likely been very upset if someone taught there was a Trinity, these polytheistic Greeks would almost certainly not have been upset, so this would have been a perfect time to introduce the subject to people. But instead, Paul said that Jesus was a man appointed by God.
There are a number of other New Testament verses that state that Jesus was a man. For example, Romans says that a man, Adam, caused sin to enter into the world, and also that a man would have to redeem it from sin. Romans 5:15 (ESV) says, âFor if many died through one manâs trespass, much more have the grace of God and the free gift by the grace of that one man Jesus Christ abounded for many.â Some theologians teach that only God could pay for the sins of mankind, but the Bible specifically says that a man must do it. The book of Corinthians makes the same point Romans does. It says, âFor since by a man came death, by a man also came the resurrection of the deadâ (1 Cor. 15:21 NASB).
1 Timothy 2:5 says that it is Jesus, the man, who was the mediator between God and men. 1 Timothy 2:5 (ESV) says, âFor there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus.â This verse calls Jesus Christ a âmanâ even after his resurrection.
Trinitarian doctrine tries to explain the verses that say Jesus was a man by saying that he was a man, but he was also 100% God at the same time. But there are problems with that. One is that there is no single verse that says Jesus was both God and man. The God-man doctrine is built from many verses. Furthermore, scholars admit that there are only about eight verses in the entire New Testament that can be understood to say that Jesus is God, and every one of them can either be translated in a way that supports the Biblical Unitarian position, or disputed textually, or can be explained from the use of the word âGodâ in the culture. In contrast, the clear verses where Jesus is said to be a âman,â such as when Peter or Paul taught their audiences that Jesus was a man appointed by God, are not disputed and in the context, there does not seem to be any good reason those men would not have said that Jesus was a God-man if in fact, that is what he is.
Actually, the book of Hebrews seems to clear up the subject when it says that when Jesus was on earth, he was made like us in every way: âTherefore he [Jesus] had to be made like his brothers in every respect, so that he might become a merciful and faithful high priest in the service of Godâ (Heb. 2:17 ESV). This verse shows that Jesus was not both fully human and fully God at the same time. If he was, he would not be like us in every respect. If we believe that Jesus was a fully human man, this verse can be seen to be completely true, but if Jesus is fully God and fully human, it is confusing at best. None of us would have the doubts, worries, and fears, that we do if we were God. Saying that Jesus was made like us in every way is the Bible saying in a very straightforward way that Jesus was not âboth God and human.â
5) Jesus was like Adam
Adam, the first man, was fully human and by his sin brought sin into the world. Jesus is called the âlast Adamâ (1 Cor. 15:45), but it seems that designation would not be appropriate if Jesus was not fully human in the same way that Adam was. Also, Adam is called a âtypeâ of Jesus Christ (Rom. 5:14). The word translated as âtypeâ in many English versions is the translation of the Greek word tupos (#5179 ĎĎĎÎżĎ), which can be defined as âa type, pattern, model, or example of something else.â Although the KJV translates tupos as âfigure,â most of the more modern versions say âpatternâ (NIV), âprototypeâ (HCSB), or âtypeâ (ESV, NAB, NASB). Adam was a type, prototype, or pattern of Christ because he was fully human and began without a sin natureâand Jesus was the same: fully human and made without a sin nature. The reason that no other human male after Adam could be a âtypeâ of Christ is that we are all born with a sin nature. But if Jesus was 100% man and 100% God, then Adam could not be a âtypeâ of Christ, because Adam did not have a âGod-nature.â
6) Jesus has a God
The Bible says in many verses that there is only one God, and âGodâ does not have a God. For example, in Isaiah 44:6, God says, ââŚthere is no God besides me,â and Ephesians 4:6 says that there is âone God and Father of all, who is over all.â In contrast to âGodâ who alone is God and does not have a God, Jesus has a God.
Before his death and resurrection, when he was on the cross, Jesus called out, âMy God, my God, why have you forsaken me?â (Matt. 27:46; Mark 15:34). Later, after his resurrection, he spoke of his God to Mary Magdalene, saying, ââŚI ascend to my Father and your Father, and my God and your Godâ (John 20:17). Then, after his ascension into heaven when he was standing at the right hand of God, Jesus still called God, âmy God.â Jesus said about those who are victorious that he will âwrite on him the name of my Godâ and âthe name of the city of my Godâ that comes down out of heaven from âmy God.â (Rev. 3:12). Revelation 1:5-6 also says that Jesus is a faithful witness and ruler and has made us priests to âhis God.â In the Old Testament, the prophet spoke of the coming Messiah and said he would shepherd the people âin the strength of Yahweh, in the majesty of the name of Yahweh his Godâ (Mic. 5:4).
Also, there are verses in the New Testament that clearly speak of âGodâ being the âGodâ of Jesus Christ. Romans 15:6 says, â…you can, with one mouth, glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.â 2 Corinthians 1:3, Ephesians 1:3, and 1 Peter 1:3 all say, âBlessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.â Hebrews 1:9 speaks of how God blessed Jesus: âTherefore God, your God, has anointed you [Jesus] with the oil of gladness.â
Who is the âGodâ of the Lord Jesus Christ? The New Testament makes it clear: âthe God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of gloryâ (Eph. 1:17), and âand [Jesus] has made us to be a kingdom, as priests to his God and Father. So the âone God and Fatherâ (Eph. 4:6) is the God of Jesus Christ. In contrast to Jesus, who both Scripture and Jesus himself testify that Jesus has a God, the âone Godâ of the Bible never says He has a God. He is God, the Father, the Creator, âthe Most High God,â and He has no equals. Jesus is not âGod,â he is a man, the Last Adam, the created Son of God, and Jesusâ God is God the Father.
7) Jesus called God âthe only true God.â
Jesus called the Father âthe only Godâ (John 5:44 ESV). The New American Standard Bible goes so far as to translate it as âthe one and only God.â The straightforward reading of this verse is that Jesus did not think of himself as God.
Similarly, on the night he was arrested, Jesus prayed to God that people would âknow you, the only true Godâ (John 17:3). It seems disingenuous, or at least confusing, that Jesus would refer to his Father as âthe only true Godâ if he knew that both he and âthe Holy Spiritâ were also âPersonsâ in a triune God, and that the Father shared His position as âGodâ with them. It seems much more likely that Jesus spoke the simple truth when he called his Father âthe only true God.â
Furthermore, Jesus called God the âLord of heaven and earth.â Luke 10:21 says, âIn that same hour he [Jesus] was full of joy in the holy spirit, and said, âI thank you, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you hid these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, because this was well-pleasing in your sight.ââ If the Trinity was true and Jesus was co-equal and co-eternal with the Father he would not have addressed him as âLord of heaven and earth.â That is not the way equals address each other. Also, if the Holy Spirit was a third member of the Trinity and thus also âLord of heaven and earth,â it seems that Jesus would not have left him out of his prayer, which was to the Father.
8) Jesus was part of Godâs creation
Colossians 1:15 (ESV) calls Jesus âthe firstborn of all creation.â Scholars disagree on what this phrase means, but that is primarily because the doctrine of the Trinity obscures its simple meaning. Trinitarian doctrine states that Jesus is âeternal,â but if that is true then he cannot be the firstborn âof all creation,â because that would make him part of the creationâJesus would be a created being. But the simple reading of Colossians 1:15 seems clear: Jesus is a created being. The BDAG Greek-English lexicon [entry under âcreationâ] explains the Greek word translated âcreationâ as âthat which is createdâŚof individual things or beings created, creature.â Not only was Jesus a created being, he is also called the âfirstbornâ from the dead because he was the first one in Godâs creation who was raised from the dead to everlasting lifeâa point that is also made in Colossians 1:18 and Revelation 1:5.
Another common title for Jesus is that he is the “Son of God” (1 John 5:10; 1 Cor. 15:28; Mark 5:7) and never once “God the Son.” The phrase âson of Godâ or “sons of God” is a phrase that refers to the beings that God has directly created, such as angels (Job 1:6; Psa. 89:6), Adam (Luke 3:38), Christians (Gal. 3:26; Rom. 8:14), and Jesus. Therefore, we should not hear the phrase “son of God” or even, the “Son” in reference to Jesus and think that Jesus is also the creator. Instead, the phrase “son of God” proves that Jesus is part of the creation, not the creator of the Genesis creation. In fact, Jesus himself says that the Genesis creation was God’s (Mark 13:19), not his.
9) God is eternal, but Jesus had a beginning
God was not born; He is eternal. In contrast to the eternal God, Christ is âbegotten,â that is, born. Jesus Christ had a beginning. Jesus is never called âGod the Sonâ in the Bible, but he is called the âSon of Godâ more than 50 times, and a âsonâ has a beginning. The very fact that Jesus is the âSon of Godâ shows he had a beginning. Trinitarian doctrine denies this and invents the phrase âeternally begotten.â But âeternally begottenâ is not in the Bible, it was invented to help explain the Trinity but is actually a nonsensical phrase; the words are placed together but they cancel each other out. âEternalâ means without beginning or end, whereas something that is âbegotten,â by definition, has a beginning.
We cannot approach the Bible with wisdom and âreason togetherâ with God (Isa. 1:18) if we must invent and use non-biblical phrases to support our theology. Also, additional evidence that Jesus had a beginning is provided in verses such as Matthew 1:18, which speaks of the âbeginningâ of Jesus Christ, and Colossians 1:15 (covered above), which says that Jesus is part of Godâs creation. The Bible calls Jesus the âSonâ of God for the simple reason that he had a beginning. Jesus had been part of Godâs plan since the foundation of the world, but he began his actual life when God âfatheredâ him and Mary conceived him in her womb.
Once we understand that Jesus had a beginning, it is logical to ask when that beginning occurred. Jesus was foretold to come from early on in Genesis (Gen. 3:15); and we know Abraham knew about his coming (John 8:56; Heb. 11:17-19). However, he did not actually exist as a genuine person until he was conceived in the womb of Mary (Matt. 1:20).
10) The Bible teaches that Jesus and God are two distinct beings.
There are many verses where Jesus and God are portrayed as two separate beings. There are too many examples to list, but for example, in Mark 10:18, Jesus told the rich young ruler that he was not good, but âGodâ was good; in Luke 2:52, Jesus grew in favor with âGodâ and with men; Jesus said to the Jews that he was âa man who has told you the truth that I heard from Godâ (John 8:40 ESV); and he told his disciples, âBelieve in God; believe also in meâ (John 14:1 ESV).
Also, the Church Epistles were authored by both God and Christ. For example, 1 Corinthians 1:3 (ESV) says, âGrace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.â The Book of Revelation shows both God and âthe Lambâ ruling in the eternal city (Rev. 22:1, 3). In all these examples, Jesus is shown to be separate and distinct from âGod,â which is what the people of the time believed and expected.
The Trinitarian explanation of these verses is that Jesus is God, so when Jesus speaks of himself and âGod,â then âGodâ means âthe Father.â But the Bible never says that. It is only because Trinitarian doctrine asserts that Jesus is God that the assumption is made that when Jesus and God appear together, âGodâ means âthe Father.â But the simple and straightforward reading of Scripture is that there is Jesus and there is âGod,â so Jesus is not God.
Jesus and God have separate wills. Jesus prayed to God, ânot my will, but yours, be doneâ (Luke 22:42 ESV; cp. John 5:30). If Jesus and the Father are the same âone God,â then they would have one will. Trinitarian doctrine claims that Luke is referring to Jesusâ human will, not his divine will, but that is problematic. For one thing, the Bible never says anything like that, it is an invented explanation. It would also mean that Jesus had two wills in conflict with each other inside him, one human and one divine. But that surely cannot be the case: Jesus himself taught that a kingdom divided against itself cannot stand (Mark 3:24).
The Bible says that Jesus is an âheirâ of God (Heb. 1:2), and a âjoint-heirâ with us (Rom. 8:17). But if Christ is a co-eternal âPersonâ in the âGodhead,â then he cannot be an heir âof Godâ because, being God, he would be full owner of everything and there is nothing he could âinherit.â Jesus cannot be God and an heir of God at the same time.
The Bible says that Jesus Christ is the âimage of Godâ (Col. 1:15; 2 Cor. 4:4). But if Christ is the image of God, then He cannot be God, because a person cannot be himself and an image of himself at the same time. Jesus can be called the âimageâ of God because he always did the will of God and acted like God Himself would act. The fact that Jesus was the image of God is why Jesus could say that if you had seen him, you had seen the Father.
Ephesians 4:4-6 is recognized by many Christians as listing seven of the most essential doctrines of the Christian Faith. It says there is one God and one Lord and one spirit. This verse teaches exactly what the Jews expected based on the Old Testament, and what Jesus, Peter, Paul, and others taught: that there was one God, one Lord, the Messiah, and one spirit of God. There are three separate things being spoken about here, but not âone Godâ composed of both Jesus and God, and âthe Holy Spiritâ as well.
11) The Bible teaches that the Father is God
1 Corinthians 8:6 (ESV) says, âfor us there is one God, the FatherâŚand one Lord, Jesus Christ.â This simple and straightforward language elucidates that the Father is God and the Son is âLord,â making a clear differentiation between the two. Furthermore, that distinction is even clearer when we consider that in the Greek culture the word âGodââalthough it was used more loosely than we do in English and was used of pagan gods and even human rulersâwas used in a more restricted manner than was the word âLord,â which was used of many different kinds of people in authority.
1 Corinthians 8:6 starts out, âfor us there is one God,â and if the doctrine of the Trinity were true, we would expect it to finish in a typically Trinitarian fashion, such as, âthe Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.â We would certainly not expect it to name only the Father as âGodâ and omit âthe Holy Spiritâ altogether. Along with 1 Corinthians 8:6 there are many more verses that say that the Father alone is God (Deut. 4:35; 6:4; Isa. 44:6, 8; John 5:44; 17:3; 1 Cor. 8:6).
12) God is greater than Christ
Jesus said: ââŚthe Father is greater than Iâ (John 14:28 ESV). In contrast, the orthodox formula of the Trinity says that the Father and the Son are âco-equal.â We see no reason not to believe Jesusâ simple statement.
God is greater than Christ, just as Christ is greater than we are. 1 Corinthians 3:23 (KJV) says, âAnd ye are Christâs; and Christ is Godâs.â When the Bible says, âyou are Christâs,â it is saying, âyou belong to Christâ and many English versions say exactly that (i.e., CJB; HCSB; NASB; NET; NJB; NLT). So the verse is saying, âand you belong to Christ; and Christ belongs to Godâ (NASB). It seems apparent that Jesus cannot be God and belong to God at the same time.
The Bible teaches that God is the âheadâ of Christ, that is, He is Christâs leader: âBut I want you to understand that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is Godâ (1 Cor. 11:3 ESV). The Trinitarian explanation of this verse is that God was the head of Christ only while he was on earth, but the Bible never says that. In fact, the Bible shows us the opposite: God is still the head of Christ and directing him even after he ascended into heaven, and will be for eternity (1 Cor. 15:28; Rev. 1:1; 14:14-15).
God can be seen to be greater than the Messiah in Psalm 2. In that Psalm, Godâs Messiah is called âhis anointedâ (Ps. 2:2), and God says, âI have set my King on Zion, my holy hillâ (Ps. 2:6 ESV emphasis ours). The Messiah is not being shown to be a co-equal ruler with God, but Godâs under-ruler. Furthermore, God says He fathered the Messiah: âYou are my Son; today I have begotten youâ (Ps. 2:7 ESV). Although commentators argue about which day âtodayâ refers to, it is clear that the Messiah is begotten at a specific time in history, he is not âeternally begotten.â
God âmadeâ Jesus Lord. In Peterâs teaching to the Jews on the Day of Pentecost, he taught that âGod has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucifiedâ (Acts 2:36 ESV). In order to make Jesus Lord, God must have greater authority than Jesus. Furthermore, if Christ was God, then he was already âLordââin which case God would not need to âmakeâ him Lord.
It has also been taught that because Jesus is called âLord,â he must be God. But âLordâ (the Greek word is kurios) is a masculine title of respect and nobility, and many others besides God and Jesus are called âLord,â However, that can be hard to see in English Bibles because many times kurios is not translated as âLord,â and that confuses the issue.
- property owners are called Lord (Matt. 20:8, kurios is âownerâ in NIV)
- heads of households were called Lord (Mark 13:35, owner=kurios).
- slave owners were called Lord (Matt. 10:24, master=kurios).
- husbands were called Lord (1 Pet. 3:6, master (NIV) =kurios).
- a son called his father Lord (Matt. 21:30, sir=kurios).
- the Roman Emperor was called Lord (Acts 25:26, His Majesty=kurios).
- Roman authorities were called Lord (Matt. 27:63, sir=kurios).
Christians take Jesus as their âLord,â but that is not the same as saying he is âGod.â
The Bible says that even in the future, the Son will be subject to the Father. âWhen all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will also be subjected to him [God] who put all things in subjection under him, that God may be all in allâ (1 Cor. 15:28 ESV). If Jesus is subject to the Father in the eternal future, then it seems the teaching that the two of them are âco-equalâ is wrong.
Jesus was consecrated (sanctified) by God. John 10:36 (ESV) says: âdo you say of him whom the Father consecrated and sent into the world, âYou are blaspheming,â because I said, âI am the Son of Godââ (John 10:36 ESV)? The fact that Jesus was consecrated, or as it is translated in other versions, âsanctified,â by God shows he is not God, because God does not need to be sanctified.
Philippians 2:6 (ESV) says that Christ âdid not count equality with God a thing to be graspedâ (cp. NAB; NASB; NET; NIV; NJB; Rotherham). There is some disagreement among scholars as to how to translate the Greek text, so other English versions translate the verse somewhat differently. Nevertheless, the point of the verse is that Jesus Christ was highly exalted by God because he was humble and did not seek equality with God. If Jesus was God, then he would never have needed to seek equality with God in the first placeâit would have been inherent in him.
Jesus received his direction and his doctrine from his Father, God. In John 5:19 (ESV), he said: âthe Son can do nothing of his own accord, but only what he sees the Father doing.â Jesus repeated that in several different ways. âI can do nothing on my own. As I hear, I judgeâŚbecause I seek not my own will but the will of him who sent meâ (John. 5:30 ESV). âMy teaching is not mine, but his who sent meâ (John 7:16 ESV). âI do nothing on my own authority, but speak just as the Father taught meâ (John. 8:28 ESV). âFor I have not spoken on my own authority, but the Father who sent me has himself given me a commandmentâwhat to say and what to speakâ (John 12:49 ESV). If Jesus was God, and co-equal and co-eternal with the Father, then he would not have needed to be directed by his Father.
The Old Testament referred to the Messiah as the servant of God. For example, in Isaiah 52-53, which speak of the suffering and death of the Messiah, the Bible refers to the Messiah as Godâs âservantâ (Isa. 52:13). When the disciples prayed to God in Acts, they called King David Godâs âservantâ (Acts 4:25), and later in that same prayer they called Jesus âyour holy servantâ (Acts 4:30 CSB; ESV; NAB; NASB; NET; NIV; NJB). They equated the Messiah as a servant of God just like David was, rather than referring to Jesus as if he was God himself (cp. Matt. 12:18; Acts 3:26). Jesus is not God but the servant of God, just like the Bible says.
There are many verses that indicate that Jesusâ power and authority were given to him by the Father. If Jesus was the eternal God, then he would have always had those things that the Scripture says he was âgiven.â Christ was:
- Given âall authorityâ (Matt. 28:18).
- Given âa name above every nameâ (Phil. 2:9).
- Given work to finish by the Father (John 5:36).
- Given those who believed in him by the Father (John 6:39; 10:29).
- Given glory (John 17:22, 24).
- Given his âcupâ (his torture and death) by the Father (John 18:11).
- âSeatedâ at Godâs own right hand (Eph. 1:20-21).
- âAppointedâ over the Church (Eph. 1:22).
These verses and others like them make no sense if Christ is âco-equalâ with the Father. Taken at face value they show Jesus is a man approved of God.
A rich young ruler came to Christ and called him, âGood Teacherâ (Luke 18:18 ESV). Jesus replied, âWhy do you call me good? No one is good except God aloneâ (Luke 18:19 ESV). If Jesus was telling people that he was God, why did he not compliment this young ruler for calling him âgood?â That Jesus gave the man a mild rebuke and said that no one was good except âGodâ is evidence that Jesus was not teaching people that he was God. Jesus was very quick to make the distinction between himself and God, and in doing so affirmed what this Jewish man would have already believed: that there is one God, and Jesus was certainly not that one God.
Luke 2:52 says that Jesus grew in favor with âGod.â But if Jesus were God and part of the Trinity, he could not grow in favor with himself or the Father or the Holy Spirit. The mutual love and blessing among the members of the Trinity would have been eternal and unchanging. Jesus could only grow in favor with God if he himself were not God.
When it comes to assigning positions of authority in the coming Kingdom of Christ, Jesus said that who will sit next to him as people with authority âis not mine to give, but it is for those for whom it has been prepared by my Fatherâ (Matt. 20:23). If Jesus were God and co-equal with the Father, those positions of authority would be his to give.
Despite the popularity of the term âDeity of Christ,â the phrase never appears in the Bible, nor is Christ ever called âDeityâ in the Bible. âDeityâ is from the Latin âDeus,â which means âGod,â and the phrase âthe Deity of Christâ as it is popularly (but not biblically) used means the âGodnessâ of Christ.
Colossians 2:9 (ESV) says that in Christ âthe whole fullness of deity dwells bodily.â This verse is stating that God (the Deity) placed all His fullness in Christ, which is quite different from saying that Christ is himself a Deity. Earlier in Colossians, the concept is made clear: âFor God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell in himâ (Col. 1:19 NIV84). That is true. But the fact that Christ has âall the fullnessâ of God does not make him God. Ephesians 3:19 says that Christians should be filled with âall the fullness of God,â as well, but that does not mean Christians will somehow become God.
13) Jesus died, but God is immortal
In the New Testament, 1 Timothy 6:16 is a reference to the Father, not to Jesus Christ, and it says that God alone has immortality. That the verse is about God, not Jesus, is clear from the description in the verse, that He âalone has immortality, who lives in unapproachable light, whom no one has seen, nor is able to see.â Those descriptions refer to the Father, not to Jesus Christ, and âHeâ (the Father) will bring about the return of Christ in its proper time (1 Tim. 6:15).
Orthodox Christianity teaches that Jesus died and then that he raised himself from the dead, based on John 2:19; 10:17-18. It is so often said that Jesus was God and also that Jesus died that we have forgotten that is actually nonsensical. God cannot die (1 Tim. 1:17; 6:16; Psa. 90:2; Isa. 40:28; Rom. 16:26), and yet the most essential part of our faith is that Jesus died and was raised from the dead. If Jesus was dead then he was not âGodâ who is immortal, and he did not raise himself from the dead if, in fact, he was really dead.â
Trinitarians get around the fact that Jesus was dead by saying that only his human nature died, but there are quite a few problems with that. Firstly, the council of Chalcedon, which Trinitarians hold to, would consider that idea a heresy. Speaking of Jesus, it says that he is âacknowledged in Two Natures unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably⌠not as though He were parted or divided into Two Persons, but One and the Self-same Son and Only-begotten God, Word, Lord, Jesus Christâ (The Chalcedonian Definition, Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon, 451 AD). The idea that Jesusâ human nature could be separated from his divine nature is a form of Nestorianism which is considered a heresy by Trinitarians and was condemned at the Council of Ephesus (431 AD) and also the Council of Chalcedon, as shown above. Therefore, saying that it was only Jesusâ human nature that died is, according to Trinitarians themselves, a heresy.
Secondly, the Bible never says that only Jesusâ human nature died. In fact, the Bible never says that Jesus had two natures. That is a Trinitarian assumption not directly based on Scripture. Furthermore, the Bible never says âJesusâ human nature died and was raised,â it says that âJesusâ died and was raised. The more subtle problem with saying that only Jesusâ human nature died, is that then the Trinitarian âJesusâ (with two natures) did not die on the cross. âJesusâ is not just one nature, he is two natures according to Trinitarians. Trinitarian doctrine is that âJesusâ is a Person in the Trinity who has two natures, a human nature and a divine nature. No Trinitarian document about Jesus says that âJesusâ is only the human nature. Trinitarians are unanimous that âJesusâ is a Person with two natures. That would mean that when âJesusâ died, both natures were dead. But that cannot be correct: God cannot die, so Jesusâ supposed âGod natureâ could not die.
Since according to Trinitarian doctrine the two natures of Christ cannot be split apart, then it seems that any Trinitarian either has to believe that God (Jesus) died, which is nonsensical, or believe that Jesus was not God and therefore, could die for our sins.
14) Major differences between Jesus and God
It is obvious from the Bible that Jesus differed from God in many ways. These points of difference reveal that Jesus cannot be âGod.â Many Trinitarians explain the differences between Jesus and God by saying that it is just Jesusâ âhuman natureâ that is different from God, not his âGod nature.â However, according to orthodox Christian doctrine established at the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD), the two natures of Christ cannot be divided (see section 13). It is a heresy to divide the two natures of Christ according to Trinitarian theology. Therefore, Trinitarians have to come up with an acceptable explanation of how âGodâ (Jesus) could do all the things listed below.
- Wisdom
Jesus grew in wisdom, but God is all-wise. The Bible says, âAnd Jesus increased in wisdomâ (Luke 2:52 ESV). Also, Jesus âlearned obedienceâ (Heb. 5:8). God does not need to learn. Trinitarians assert that it was Jesusâ human part that grew and learned, but there is not a single verse that makes that distinction. Also, it would be considered heresy according to the Council of Chalcedon because it would be splitting apart the two natures of Christ.
- Knowledge
Jesus had limited knowledge, whereas God does not. Mark 13:32 (ESV) says: âBut concerning that day or that hour [when the Son returns; Mark 13:26], no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father.â But even in the future long after he has ascended into heaven, Jesus still receives instruction from God as to when to return to earth and âreap,â i.e., conquer the earth (Rev. 14:14-16). Other verses also show Jesus receiving knowledge from God after his resurrection and ascension: âThe revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave himâ (Rev. 1:1 ESV).
- Perfection/Growth
The Scripture teaches that it was fitting that âGodâ should make Jesus âperfect through sufferingâ (Hebrews 2:10). God is, and has always been, âperfect,â but Jesus needed to attain perfection through his suffering.
To perfectly obey God throughout his ministry, Jesus needed the gift of holy spirit, and he received it at his baptism (Matt. 3:16; Mark 1:10; Luke 3:22) and had it upon him when he started his ministry (Luke 4:18). If Jesus was God, he would not need holy spirit, which is the very nature of God. God placed the gift of His holy spirit on the leaders and prophets of the Old Testament so that they would have spiritual power and be able to hear from Him via the spirit upon them (i.e., Num. 11:17-29; Judges 3:10; 6:34; 11:2; 1 Sam. 10:10; 16:13; 1 Chron. 12:18; 2 Chron. 15:1; Micah 3:8). Furthermore, the Old Testament prophecies, such as those in Isaiah 11:2, 42:1, and 61:1, indicated that God would put His spirit upon His Messiah, showing that he was not fully equipped without it. Jesus needed the gift of holy spirit to be spiritually powerful just as the other prophets did. Acts 10:38 (REV) says: âJesus, the one from Nazarethâhow God anointed him with holy spirit and with power, and he went around doing good, and healing all those who were being oppressed by the Devil, for God was with him.â
- Temptation
Jesus was âone who in every respect has been tempted as we are, yet without sinâ (Heb. 4:15 ESV), yet the Bible is clear that God cannot be tempted: âfor God cannot be tempted with evilâ (James 1:13 ESV).
At times of weakness or difficulty, angels ministered to and strengthened Jesus. Luke 22:43 (ESV) says: âAnd there appeared to him an angel from heaven, strengthening himâ [in the garden of Gethsemane]. Humans need to be strengthened; God does not need to be strengthened by angels or by anyone or anything else (cp. also Matt. 4:11, Mark. 1:13).
- Death
Scripture says very plainly that Jesus died. God cannot die. Romans 1:23, 1 Timothy 1:17, and 1 Timothy 6:16 say that God is immortal. Orthodox Christian doctrine is that only the human side of Jesus died, but that assertion is based on assumptions. There is no verse of Scripture that says anything like âonly Jesus human nature died.â
 - Family
Hebrews 2:10-11 teaches that we are âbrothersâ of Jesus and âsons of God,â and Jesus is never ashamed to call us such. Hebrews is making a distinction between God and Jesus that is very important and that we lose if we think Jesus is God. If that were the case, we would be âbrothers of God,â but we clearly are not that. A Trinitarian explanation is that we are brothers of the man part of Jesus, but that is adding to the text. The Bible nowhere says or implies that; it is an assumption to support Trinitarian doctrine.
- Works
We are commissioned to do âgreater worksâ than Jesus. In John 14:12 (ESV), Jesus told his disciples that âwhoever believes in me will also do the works that I do; and greater works than these will he do.â If Jesus was God, then his statement would be a commission for us to do greater works than Godâwhich is not possible.
If Jesus Christ was God, he would have to have the attributes of God. Most theologians agree that some of Godâs attributes are: unoriginated, self-existent, immortal, all-wise, all good, all-powerful, and omnipresent. But Jesus had none of those attributes.
- He was not unoriginated. Christ was the only begotten Son of God (John 3:16).
- He was not self-existent. âI live because of the Fatherâ (John 6:57).
- He was not immortal. Jesus died and God resurrected Him (Acts 13:30).
- He was not all wise. Jesus âgrew in wisdomâ (Luke 2:52).
- He was not all-powerful. Whereas ânothing is impossible with Godâ (Luke 1:37), Christ said, âthe Son can do nothing by Himselfâ (John 5:19).
- He was not omnipresent. After Lazarus died, Jesus told his disciples âI am glad I was not thereâ (John 11:15).
15) God is spirit, but Jesus is flesh and bone
God is Spirit (John 4:24) yet even after his resurrection, Jesus said about himself that he was not a spirit, but flesh and bone. When Jesus appeared to his apostles, he said, âSee my hands and my feet, that it is I myself. Touch me, and see. For a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see that I haveâ (Luke 24:39 ESV). That Jesus is still flesh and bone today is exactly what we would expect if Jesus is a âman approved of God.â Part of the great hope that we Christians have is that in the future Jesus âwill transform our lowly body to be like his glorious bodyâ (Phil. 3:21 ESV). So in the future we will have bodies like Jesusâ body, but that hardly seems appropriate if Jesus is God in the flesh.
16) Jesus never taught the Trinity
John 1:18 says that Jesus made âGodâ known to people. But if âGodâ is a triune God composed of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, then Jesus did not make God known. Jesus never taught the Trinity, even when he had good opportunities to do so. In fact, Jesus taught quite the opposite, he taught that the Father alone was God. A good example of Jesus not teaching the Trinity occurred when Jesus met the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4:1-42), he told her that he was the Messiah (John 4:26), but he never mentioned the Trinity and in fact, he said, âthe hour is coming…when the true worshipers will worship the Fatherâ (John 4:23), thus reinforcing the womanâs belief that there was one God that people should worship. Similarly, when Jesus asked the Apostles who they thought he was, and Peter said that Jesus was the Christ, Jesus did not take that opportunity to teach them the Trinity (Matt. 16:17-20). In fact, Jesus said that it was âmy Father in heavenâ who revealed that to Peter, reinforcing Peterâs belief that it was God in heaven who revealed things. Also, when Jesus healed the man who had been blind from birth, he told him that he was the Messiah but did not say a word about the Trinity (John 9:35-38), in fact, the blind man who had been healed thought Jesus was a man who worshipped God and that is why he could heal. The man said, âGod does not hear sinners, but if anyone is a worshiper of God and does his will, he hears him…If this man were not from God, he would not be able to do anythingâ (John 9:31, 33). Another record is of the rich young ruler, and when the young man called Christ, âGood master,â Jesus not only did not teach the man the Trinity, he rebuffed him and said the only one who was good was God (Mark 10:17-18).
Other examples could also be given, but the point is that even when Jesus had the opportunity to teach the Trinity, he never did. That is astounding if the doctrine of the Trinity is correct, because the people were expecting a human Messiah, not âGod in the flesh.â So when Jesus told them he was the Messiah but did not say anything about there being a Trinity, he was only reinforcing what they already thought, and that was doubly true when Jesus not only did not teach the Trinity but pointed people away from himself and to God. A wonderful example of Jesus reinforcing what the Jews already believed is in Mark 12:28-34.
In that record, an expert in the Mosaic Law asked Jesus what was the most important commandment in the Law. Jesus quoted Deuteronomy 6:4-5, which includes the Shema: âHear, O Israel! Yahweh is our God, Yahweh alone.â The expert agreed that was the greatest commandment and then added to what Jesus said by quoting Deuteronomy 4:35, âand there is no other except himâ (Mark 12:32). The Jews were not Trinitarians, so this expert in the law would have understood the Shema to be referring to God the Father, and no one else, and certainly not Jesus, the man standing in front of him. Yet Jesus agreed with what the expert said, and thought the expert had answered him âwiselyâ (Mark 12:34). Jesus even said to him, âYou are not far from the kingdom of Godâ (Mark 12:34). This conversation is very good evidence that Jesus did not consider himself to be God. Beyond that, according to Trinitarian theology, a person must believe that Jesus is God to be saved, but it is apparent that Jesus did not believe that, because not only did he not make an attempt to âcorrectâ the theology of this expert in the Law, he actually affirmed what the Jew said. So, really, there are two issues that are clarified by this conversation: a person does not have to believe in the Trinity to be saved, and Jesus himself did not teach the Trinity but instead taught that God alone was God.
There does not seem to be any compelling reason not to take Jesusâ words at face value; that he was the human Messiah the Jews were expecting and not a God-man that they were not expecting.
Trinitarians also commonly say that Jesus claimed to be God, and for that reason, the Jews hated him and tried to kill him. But that is not the case. Jesus had been stating in various ways that he was the Messiah, and that is what the Jews were upset about. Throughout their history, the Jews made a clear distinction between âGodâ and the âMessiah.â They did not think the Messiah was going to be God or a âPersonâ in a triune God, and if Jesus had walked around saying he was God the Jews would have considered him insane, but not a threat. But for Jesus to claim to be the Messiah of God and also do miracles, now that was a threat. Jesus had not been claiming to be God in the flesh, so at his trial the Jews never asked Jesus, âAre you God in the flesh?â Instead, they asked Jesus about what he had been claiming to be: the Messiah.
At his trial, the High Priest said to Jesus, ââI charge you under oath by the living God, that you tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.â Jesus said to him, âYes, it is as you sayââ (Matt. 26:63-64). The conversation would have been somewhat protracted, and Mark records the High Priest asking, ââAre you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?â And Jesus said, âI amââ (Mark 14:61-62, cp. Luke 22:67-71). When Jesus stated that he was the Messiah, âThen the high priest tore his garments, saying, âDefaming talk! What further need do we have of witnesses? See! Now you have heard the defamation. What do you think?â They answered and said, âHe is deserving of deathââ (Matt. 26:65-66). So from the trial of Jesus, we see that the Jews correctly assessed that Jesus had been claiming to be the Christ, also that Jesus indeed said he was the Christ, and also that the Jews thought Jesusâ claim was worthy of the death penalty. The trial gives good evidence that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, but not God in the flesh.
17) Many people are saved in the Bible without believing in the Trinity or that Jesus is God
One example of a person being saved without believing in the Trinity is the sinful woman who anointed Jesusâ feet with her tears while he was eating. All Jesus said to her was, âYour sins are forgivenâ and âYour trust has saved you. Go in peaceâ (Luke 7:48, 50). It is highly unlikely that this Galilean Jewess knew that Jesus was part of a Triune God, and by knowing that she gained salvation? Such an assumption would be to stretch the record beyond credible limits. The woman was a sinner, not a theologian, and if she went to synagogue at all, which is questionable, she would have known about the Messiah only from what the Old Testament taught. The Bible says why she was saved: she loved and trusted in Jesus (Luke 7:47, 50).
When Jesus asked Peter, âWho do you say that I am?â (Matt. 16:15). Peter answered, âYou are the Christ, the Son of the Living Godâ (Matt. 16:16). Peter believed Jesus was the Christ he had been taught about in the synagogue and was expecting, not that Jesus was God in the flesh who was part of the Trinity. Yet Jesus did not correct Peter, but instead complimented him on his insight, saying he was âBlessedâ (Matt. 16:17).
The book of Acts records the teachings of the Apostles and disciples as they spread the good news of Jesus. Thus, it is reasonable that if the doctrine of the Trinity were a truth not revealed in the Old Testament but necessary for Christian salvation, it should be clearly taught in Acts. We will simply take one story in Acts for the sake of brevity, which is Acts 2:14-36. Peter spoke to the crowd of unsaved Jews in the Temple on the Day of Pentecost, just 50 days after Jesus was crucified. All they knew about the Messiah from the Old Testament and traditions about him, none of which included the doctrine of the Trinity or Jesus being God. On Pentecost, however, Peter presented Jesus as a âman pointed out to you by God,â who was crucified and whom God raised from the dead, much of which Peter backed up by quoting the Old Testament. Peter never mentioned the Trinity or Jesus being God, yet about three thousand people got saved that day. This is very good evidence that on the Day of Pentecost, the start of the Christian Church, a person did not have to believe in the Trinity to be saved.
One could go through the book of Acts, but you will never find someone teaching the Trinity before people are saved, it simply is not there. A search of the New Testament will show that there is no Trinitarian formula that speaks of three Persons in One God, or Jesus being both fully human and fully God that was spoken to people before they got saved, which is not only evidence that a person did not have to believe in the Trinity to be saved, it is evidence that there is no Trinity.
18) When the Jews thought Jesus was claiming to be God, he denied it
Most Trinitarians assert that Jesus claimed to be God in John 5:16-18: âAnd for this reason the Jews were persecuting Jesus, because he was doing these things on the Sabbath. But Jesus answered them, âMy Father is always working, and I am always working.â For this reason, the Jews were seeking all the more to kill him, because he not only was âbreaking the Sabbath,â but also was calling God his own Father, making himself equal with God.â
The first thing we should notice is that even the Jews did not say, âJesus is calling himself God.â They were claiming he was saying he was equal with God, but they were wrong in that. Jesus corrected their thinking and immediately stated: âTruly, truly, I say to you, the Son is not able to do anything on his own, but only what he sees the Father doingâŚ.â (John 5:19). This is not an affirmation of equality. If it was, Jesus would not have said that he was not able to do anything on his own. If Jesus was God, or even âequal with God,â he would be able to do things on his own, just as God does. So, Jesusâ refutation of the claim of the Jews is evidence that Jesus is not God.
Most Trinitarians also assert that the Jews said that Jesus was claiming to be God in John 10:33 (NIV2011): ââWe are not stoning You for any good work,â said the Jews, âbut for blasphemy, because You, who are a man, declare Yourself to be God.ââ This response by the Jews comes on the heels of his statement in John 10:30 that, “I and the Father are one.” However, the Jews were wrong in their assertion. If what they said was true, it seems that Jesus would have affirmed it in some way.
Instead, right after the accusation of the Jews, Jesus answered them and said, âIs it not written in your law, I have said, you are âgods?â If he called them âgods,â to whom the word of God cameâand the Scripture cannot be brokenâwhat about the one whom the Father set apart as his very own and sent into the world? Why then do you accuse me of blasphemy because I said, âI am Godâs Sonâ (John 10:34-36 NIV2011)?â Jesus explicitly says that what he was claiming to be was Godâs Son, not God himself. Jesus could not be much clearer here in that he is not claiming to be God himself. Claiming to be Godâs Son is not a claim to be God, it is a claim to be the Messiah and the Jews understood that (Ps. 2:7; John 1:49), and that is what they asked him about at his trial before the Sanhedrin (Matt. 26:63) and that is what they had been asking him about in John 10:24, which was the context of John 10:33.
Also, it is worth noting that in the immediate context, in John 10:29, Jesus says that the Father is “greater than all.” This occurs in the verse right before Jesus says, “I and the Father are one,” in John 10:30. Therefore, Jesus does not mean to communicate equality with the Father by using “oneness” language, but intends to communicate unity with the Father. Jesus prays in John 17:21 (ESV) that “they (Christians) may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they may also be in us.” So, if being “one” with somebody makes you equal with them, then Christians are also equal to God, because in John 17:21 Jesus equates being “one” with somebody as being “in” them, or in union with them, and Jesus wants Christians to be “in” him and the Father. Clearly, Jesus is not saying that we are equal to himself and the Father, but that he wants us to be in union with him and the Father, being one with them. Therefore, John 10:30 is not teaching Jesus’ equality with the Father. This is also made clear by his response in John 10:36 in which Jesus says that he claimed to be God’s son, not God himself.
Thus, both of these occurrences in John 5 and John 10 demonstrate that Jesus did not consider himself to be God, and did not teach others that he was God.
Some Trinitarians will say that Jesus is not denying being God in John 5 or John 10 because he does not say, âNo, I am not God.â However, believing Jesusâ responses to be an affirmation is unjustified for the reasons stated above and also because we have examples throughout the New Testament of what it looks like when Jesus does affirm peopleâs claims about him, and they differ greatly from John 5 and John 10. For example, at his trial, the High Priest said to Jesus, ââI charge you under oath by the living God, that you tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.â Jesus said to him, âYes, it is as you sayââ (Matt. 26:63-64). Mark records the High Priest asking, ââAre you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?â And Jesus said, âI amââ (Mark 14:61-62, cp. Luke 22:67-71). In John 13:13 Jesus says, âYou call me, âTeacherâ and âLord,â and rightly so, for that is what I am.â These are clear affirmations by Jesus regarding his identity, unlike what we find in John 5 and John 10 where he does not affirm his opponents at all but instead calls himself the Son of God (John 10:36). One does not have to say âNoâ to deny something. For example, if someone says, âAre you the sheriff?â and I respond âI am a nurse,â that is essentially a denial because no one will think, âThat person is probably the sheriff and a nurse!â Almost the exact same thing occurs in John 10. The Jews claim that Jesus, âmade himself Godâ (John 10:33) but Jesus replied, âI said I am the Son of Godâ (John 10:36).
Furthermore, Jesus also denies being God in Mark 10:18, where he says, “Why do you call me good? No one is good but God alone.” This is such a powerful statement because not only is Jesus denying that he is God, but he is also denying equality with God, saying that he is not good, only God is. Likewise, Jesus says in John 14:28, “My Father is greater than I.” How much clearer could Jesus be that he is not God and that he is not equal to him?
If there are multiple verses teaching that Jesus considers himself lesser than the Father and zero verses teaching that Jesus considers himself to be equal with the Father, and on top of that, Jesus denies being equal to God in multiple instances (John 5:19; 10:36; Mark 10:18), why would we conclude that Jesus is equal with his Father?
19) Jesusâ miracles do not prove he was God
It is sometimes said that the miracles Jesus did prove that he was God. But almost every miracle that Jesus did on earth was done in some form by earlier prophets or by the apostles. These include healing the sick, raising the dead, multiplying food, and even walking on water. In fact, the Old Testament prophets did some amazing miracles that Jesus did not do, including splitting an ocean apart (Moses), stopping a river (Joshua), making the sun stop in the sky (Joshua), and calling down fire from heaven (Elijah). God was the one who worked the miracles through the prophets, and He worked them through Jesus also (Acts 2:22).
20) The Trinity and the dual nature of Jesus are never called a âmysteryâ
It is said that no human can understand the doctrine of the Trinity because it is a mystery. But the Bible never even uses the words âTrinityâ or âdual natureâ of Christ, much less defines them as mysteries. Furthermore, the Greek word mustÄrion (#3466 ÎźĎ ĎĎÎŽĎΚον), which is translated as âmysteryâ in most English Bibles, does not mean âmysteryâ in the modern sense of the word, but rather refers to a âsecretâ in the religious or sacred realm. The Emphasized Bible by Rotherham correctly translates mustÄrion as âsacred secret.â That mustÄrion does not mean âmysteryâ can be documented from any number of lexicons or Bible dictionaries, and it is also clear in the Bible itself. The Bible says that many of the mustÄrion of God have now been made known, which shows that they were not actually unknowable âmysteries,â but were Godâs secrets that are now revealed (e.g., Rom. 16:25-26; 1 Cor. 2:7-10; Eph. 3:4-5, Col. 1:26).
The reason why many English Bibles continue to translate mustÄrion as âmysteryâ in spite of the fact that the scholars and many clergy know that âmysteryâ is an inaccurate translation is due in large part to the many unbiblical and even self-contradictory doctrines that have crept into the Church over time. When even the clergy could not explain or understand these doctrines, the translation âmysteryâ became generally accepted because the concept of a âmysteryâ was a handy way to present inexplicable doctrines to the average Christian. People who challenged the inexplicable doctrines and other traditions of the Church were quickly labeled âhereticsâ and persecuted, so the translation âmysteryâ went mostly unchallenged.
Although the Bible says that certain things were secrets, like the Gentiles being included in the Church (Rom. 11:25; Eph. 3:4-6), or the way that living believers would be changed in the Rapture (1 Cor. 15:51), there is no verse that says the Trinity or the dual nature of Christ is a mustÄrion (secret). But if the doctrine of the Trinity or of the dual nature of Christ were true, we would certainly expect that the Bible would include them among Godâs mustÄrion. To us, the most logical reason the Trinity and the dual nature of Christ are not referred to in the Bible as a mustÄrion (a secret) is that they are not biblical doctrines in the first place.
Not only are the Trinity and dual nature of Christ not âmysteries,â they are contradictions. Doctrinal statements such as âeternally begotten,â âthree âPersonsâ in One God,â and âJesus is both 100% human and 100% God,â are actually just simple contradictions. This has been recognized for a very long time, and more than a hundred years ago William G. Eliot wrote: âMystery and contradiction are very different things. The former is something beyond our sight or seen imperfectly. The latter is plainly seen to be untrue. âŚwe know enough to see that two contradictory statements cannot both be true. âŚSo when Christ asserts that he did not know of a certain future event (see Mark 13:32), the assertion that he was nevertheless Omniscient, is evidently a denial of what he saidâ (Discourses on the Doctrines of Christianity, American Unitarian Association, Boston, 1870, p. 6).
The supposed âdual natureâ of Christ is never stated in the Bible and contradicts the Bible and the laws of nature that God set up. Nothing can be 100% of two different things. Jesus cannot be 100% God and 100% man; that is not a âmystery,â it is a contradiction and nonsense talk. As was stated earlier in this appendix, the Bible clearly says in many places that Jesus Christ was a man, and the few verses that seem to say he was God are either disputed textually or can be translated and/or understood from a Biblical Unitarian perspective. Furthermore, earlier in this appendix, we saw that the miracles and amazing acts that Jesus did only showed that he walked by the power of God, he did not need to be âGod in the fleshâ to do them.
A fatal flaw in the âdual natureâ theory is that both natures in Jesus would have had to have known about each other. Jesusâ God nature would have known about his human nature. But according to Trinitarian teaching, Jesusâ human nature knew he was God, which explains why Trinitarians say Jesus taught that he was God. But if Jesus knew he was God, then Hebrews is wrong when it says that Jesus was âmade like his brothers in every respectâ (Heb. 2:17). If Jesus was 100% God and 100% human at the same time, then he was not made like other humans in every way. In fact, he would have been very different from other humans in many respects. For example, in his God nature he would not have been tempted by anything (James 1:13) but since his human nature had access to that knowledge and assurance, then his human part would not have been tempted either. But Hebrews says he was tempted in every way like we all are (Heb. 4:15). Furthermore, God does not have the problems, uncertainty, and anxieties that humans do, and if Jesus knew he was God then he would not have had those either. Also, Luke 2:52 says Jesus grew in wisdom, but Jesusâ human part would have had access to his God part, which would have given him infinite and inherent wisdom. Also, Hebrews says Jesus âlearned obedienceâ by the things that he suffered, but again, the human part of Jesus would have accessed the God part of him and he would not have needed to learn anything.
Kenotic Trinitarians claim that Jesus put off or limited His God nature, but that theology only developed to try to reconcile some of the verses about what Christ experienced on earth, such as we have seen in Hebrews. The idea that God can limit what He knows or experiences as God is not taught or explained in Scripture, and Kenotic Trinitarianism has been rejected by orthodox Trinitarian for exactly that reason. The very simple way to explain the âdifficult versesâ that Kenotic Trinitarians are trying to explain about Christâs human experiences is to realize that Jesus was a fully human being, not both God and man at the same time.
Conclusion
In order to fully love and worship God and Jesus, it is important to know who they really are. God, the Father, is the Creator of the universe, the Author of the plan of Salvation, the Father of Jesus Christ, and our One God, and removing Him from that exalted position and having Him share His position as âGodâ with two other âPersonsâ diminishes who He really is and what He alone has done. Furthermore, making Jesus into God, instead of elevating him, actually diminishes who he was and is, and what he accomplished and is still doing. It demeans Jesus because his courage, mental tenacity, love, and great faith are unparalleled in human history. He went through life like each human does, with doubts and fears and concerns, and with the possibility of sin. His true greatness is lost if he is God, because âwith God all things are possible.â Believing Jesus is God also demonstrates disbelief in Jesusâ own words when he made statements such as âmy father is greater than Iâ and when he prayed to the Father as âthe only true God.â Also, it makes it impossible for us to identify with him and strive to be like him, for how can we ever hope to live like God?
By restoring the Father to His unique and singular position as God, He receives all the worship, credit, respect and awe He deserves as the One True God. By restoring Christ to his position as the man approved of Godâthe only-begotten Son of the Father, the last Adam, the one who could have sinned but voluntarily stayed obedient, the one who could have given up but loved us so much that he never did, and the one whom God highly exalted to be our Lordâthen Christ receives all the worship, credit, respect, and awe that he deserves, and we can draw great strength and determination from his example.
Some very helpful books:
Broughton, James and Southgate, Peter. The Trinity, True or False? The Dawn Book Supply, 66 Carlton Rd., Nottingham, England, 1995.
Buzzard, Anthony F. and Hunting, Charles F. The Doctrine of The Trinity: Christianityâs Self-Inflicted Wound. International Scholars Publications, Lanham, MD, 1998.
Dana, Mary. Letters Addressed to Relatives and Friends. James Munroe and Co., Boston, 1845, reprinted 1994 by Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, P.O. Box 1737, Martinsville, IN, 46151, STFonline.org.
Eliot, William G. Discourses on the Doctrines of Christianity. American Unitarian Association, Boston, 1870.
Farley, Frederick. Unitarianism Defined: The Scripture Doctrine of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. American Unitarian Association, Boston, MA, 1873. Reprinted 1994 by Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, P.O. Box 1737, Martinsville, IN, 46151.
Graeser, Mark; Lynn, John; and Schoenheit, John. One God & One Lord: Reconsidering the Cornerstone of the Christian Faith. Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, P. O. Box 1737, Martinsville, IN, 2010. Fourth edition.
Hyndman, J.S. Lectures on the Principles of Unitarianism. Alnwick, 1824. Reprinted 1994 by Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, P.O. Box 1737, Martinsville, IN, 46151, STFonline.org.
Morgridge, Charles. True Believerâs Defence Against Charges Preferred by Trinitarians. Boston: Benjamin Greene, 1837. Reprinted 1994 by Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, P.O. Box 1737, Martinsville, IN, 46151, STFonline.org.
Navas, Patrick. Divine Truth or Human Tradition. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN, 2011.
Newton, Sir Isaac. An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture. London: John Green, 1841.
Norton, Andrews. A Statement of Reasons for Not Believing the Doctrines of Trinitarians. American Unitarian Association, Boston, 10th Edition, 1877.
Rees, Thomas. The Racovian Catechism. London: 1818. Reprinted 1994 by Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, 180 Robert Curry Drive, Martinsville, IN, 46151, STFonline.org.
Snedeker, Donald R. Our Heavenly Father Has No Equals. International Scholars Publications, San Francisco, 1998.
Welch, Aaron. Was Jesus Christ Alive Before His Life on Earth. Bible Studentâs Press, Windber, PA, 2018.
Zarley, Kermit, The Restitution of Jesus Christ. Servetus the Evangelical, 2008.